| In the 60s and the 70s of the 20th century, the irrigation of my Kibbutz orchards was done using high (4-6 m) sprinklers, irrigating from above the tree canopy. To reduce the water evaporation, we would irrigate during the evenings and nights. With no remote control in those years, it was necessary to physically reach each of the many plots spread around the Kibbutz, set the water flow meter to the desired amount, and then open the main faucet. Several evenings per week, my father would ask me to join him in manually opening the irrigation in our orchards. I was looking forward to it, as it meant doing the dream of every kindergarten boy on earth; getting on the tractor, either the blue Dexta or the red Massey Fergusson 135, and driving on the bumpy, dusty dirt roads to the plantations. It was far better than a roller coaster, jumping on the wooden seat mounted behind the driver's seat, holding tight to it, trying not to fall. When arriving at the plot, my father would set the water meter, open the faucet, and then, when the sprinklers were working and getting us wet, we would drive around the plot to ensure all units were adequately working. Those were the 60s and the early 70s, and there was no better satisfaction for a farm boy than the mix of tractors, dirt, and a “physical” manner of irrigation, where at the end of the day, you have a good feeling of completing a mission with blessed exhausting tiredness. Most farmers, even today, don’t use irrigation. "World Bank estimates that rain-fed agriculture is most significant in Sub-Saharan Africa where it accounts for about 96 percent of the cropland." source. GAME-CHANGING AGROTECH Then when the 80s came, my Kibbutz switched the irrigation systems from sprinklers to the novel Israeli-invented drip irrigation. Shortly after, we had automated computer systems to open and close the irrigation as many times a day as we wanted. There was no more need to reach those plots for irrigation. In the 90s, our orchards were connected by communication lines to a computer in the office. Now we knew the status of every plot every minute of the day and could program the irrigation computers from the comfort of the office. Furthermore, from the 80s, innovation became the name of the game in agriculture, where every Israeli farmer tries to be more innovative and advanced the others. My Kibbutz orchard team was implementing many agrotech innovations, and over the years, we won several competitions in different technological fields, including in irrigation. You may conclude that from the 80s, the state of the Israeli agro sector continuously improved. Surprisingly, it didn’t! In fact, looking back, the Golden Days of the Israeli agro sector were the 60s and 70s and ended in the 80s. Why do I say this? How can I be sure? Agriculture is a way of life, but it is a business as well. I measure the agro sector success based on individual farmers’ business success. The income per hectare of my Kibbutz orchards came to a standstill in the 90s. While until the 80s, Israeli farmers could make a good living from less than 10 hectares, in 2023, with all the innovation, the income/profit generated from the same land can’t support them anymore. In 2023 farmers need 5 to 10 times greater cultivated area to support the same life level they enjoyed before. Technologies are used to improve efficiency and drive production costs down, BUT the technologies are expensive. | 
